H - It brings up a problem that arises from the differences in the grammatical function of subject in given languages. The trainee may collect existing translation examples that show different treatments of the English subjects. The attempts to summarize and classify them may follow.

Q - The trainee can do an experiment on his/her fellow trainees to find out what might be going on in their mind in the course of translating. S/he may select a short text, then produce a detailed report on how they analyze the text before translating as well as how they tackle the difficulties in the course of translating. Analysis of their commentary and translation would reveal manifestly to the trainee how they have dealt with a particular translation task.

C - Awareness of texture is another critical element in translation competence. The trainee has to familiarize him/herself with discussions of the property of being a text and the major linguistic devices involved.

B - Awareness of text type is a critical element in translation competence. If you make up your mind to do a research regarding how the factor of text type affects, say, the strategies in the course of translating, the trainee will have to deal with at least more than one text type in his/her thesis and engage in a comparative study of their stylistic features.

O - The trainee may select a short text and collect two of its translations (which have to be products resulting from serious efforts if they are not published). Comparative study of the three texts may be conducted. But s/he has to be clear about the aspects in which the texts are to be examined. Such comparative work may finally lead to an awareness of the factors at work.