Translation Principle 2. Logic principle

[3] [3tr]

Sentence Structure

The main trunk of this sentence:
“reticence kept faces and portraits off United States coins.”

Difference between English and Chinese

Translate directly to the corresponding parts

美国人一直不情愿, 或许是出于国民对独裁和君主的憎恨，在钱币上刻印肖像和人物。这一惯例一直持续到1909年，即亚伯拉罕·林肯诞辰100周年时，才被打破

Compared with [3tr]

“a long standing reticence” is result; “perhaps born of national abhorrence…” is cause, according to Chinese logics: “perhaps born of national abhorrence…”, “ a long standing reticence”→[3tr]

[4] [4tr]

Verbs non-predicate forms

Present participles (…ing form):
“Attracting specialized, career-focused students…” (As a subject of the sentence)

Difference between English and Chinese

Translate directly to the corresponding parts

因为要吸引想要细化专业、确定职业的学生，所以斯坦福大学重新调整了课程体系，并要求学生在第一学年结束时选择专业方向。

Compared with [4tr]

The English sentence is Reason first, results last. which is according to Chinese logics; but if it is translated into Chinese like this, it will be read clumsy, and it will have no rhythm and balance in sentence. Adjust the order of Reason and results, adding“其目的之一”…→[4tr]

Conclusion

In most occasions, Chinese will state the relations of cause and results in the order of “Cause is in the front, result is in the end”, or “ Reason first, conclusion last”. Sometimes, result will be put front; cause is in the end to be supplement. How to arrange the positions of cause and result is up to the sentences consistency of the whole context and the feeling of sentence rhythm balanced.